Introduction

India’s renewable energy sector has emerged as a cornerstone of the nation’s climate commitments and energy security strategy, necessitating a comprehensive renewable energy land policy to guide land acquisition, utilization, and transmission infrastructure development. With the sector growing from 89.635 GW in 2022 towards the ambitious target of 500 GW by 2030, there is an increasing need to balance development objectives with agricultural sustainability, environmental protection, and community rights [1]. This transformation requires a deep understanding of the legal framework governing solar parks, wind farms, and grid infrastructure, including constitutional federalism, statutory provisions, and emerging jurisprudence that shape land rights in India.

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) estimates that achieving India’s renewable energy targets may require between 50,000-75,000 square kilometers of land for solar installations and 1,500-2,000 square kilometers for wind infrastructure, representing approximately 2% of India’s total surface area [2]. This massive land requirement has catalyzed the development of specialized legal frameworks, from the National Solar Mission’s guidelines to state-specific policies addressing land lease arrangements, compensation mechanisms, and transmission corridor development.

Constitutional Framework and Federal-State Dynamics

Constitutional Division of Powers

The renewable energy sector operates within India’s federal constitutional structure, where electricity is a concurrent subject under the Seventh Schedule, necessitating coordination between Union and state authorities. Article 246 places “electricity” in the Concurrent List (Entry 38), while land remains a state subject under Entry 18 of the State List [3]. This jurisdictional framework creates a complex regulatory environment where renewable energy policy formulation occurs at the Union level while land acquisition and local approvals remain state prerogatives.

The Electricity Act, 2003, provides the foundational legal framework for renewable energy development, establishing regulatory institutions and market mechanisms. Section 86(1)(e) specifically mandates State Electricity Regulatory Commissions to “promote cogeneration and generation of electricity from renewable sources of energy” [4]. This provision creates binding obligations on state regulators to facilitate renewable energy development while respecting state sovereignty over land resources.

Recent Constitutional Developments

The Supreme Court’s decision in Mineral Area Development Authority v. Steel Authority of India (2024) has significant implications for renewable energy projects, particularly regarding state taxation powers over mineral-bearing lands that may be utilized for renewable energy installations. The Court’s holding that states retain taxation authority over mineral rights, subject to express Parliamentary limitations, affects the fiscal framework for renewable energy projects on mineral-rich lands [5].

Furthermore, the Court’s recent modification of its Great Indian Bustard order demonstrates judicial recognition of the renewable energy imperative. The Court constituted an expert committee to determine the feasibility of overhead versus underground transmission lines in Rajasthan and Gujarat, acknowledging the “intricate interface between conservation of an endangered species and the imperative of protecting against climate change” [6].

Solar Park Development Framework

National Solar Mission and Institutional Architecture

The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM), launched in January 2010 with an enhanced target of 100 GW by 2022, established the policy foundation for large-scale solar development. The Mission’s guidelines for solar park development prioritize government wasteland and non-agricultural land to expedite acquisition processes while minimizing displacement of agricultural communities [7].

MNRE’s December 2014 notification on the “Scheme for Development of Solar Parks and Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects” provides the comprehensive regulatory framework for solar park establishment. The scheme mandates that solar parks must have “at least 5 acres per MW towards installation of solar projects” and requires state governments to identify suitable land with appropriate insolation levels near transmission infrastructure [8].

Land Acquisition and Compensation Mechanisms

Solar park development involves multiple land acquisition pathways, each with distinct legal implications. The Gujarat model, revised in 2020, establishes a 40-year lease structure with the first five years for park development and 35 years for generation activities. The policy mandates Rs. 15,000 per hectare annual rent plus applicable taxes, with security deposits of Rs. 200,000 per MW [9].

The compensation framework addresses both land acquisition and rehabilitation requirements. For projects requiring private land acquisition, the provisions of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (LARR Act) apply, ensuring enhanced compensation and rehabilitation measures. However, solar park guidelines encourage minimizing private land acquisition through strategic site selection [10].

Specialized Solar Park Policies

State governments have developed nuanced policies reflecting local conditions and priorities. The Rajasthan Solar Energy Policy provides specific provisions for land allotment, including preferential rates for government land and streamlined procedures for land conversion from agricultural to industrial status. The policy establishes clear timelines for project development, with milestones for capacity installation and penalties for non-compliance [11].

Karnataka’s experience with the Pavagada Solar Park, involving lease agreements with approximately 1,800 farmers across five villages for 5,260 hectares, demonstrates both the potential and challenges of large-scale solar development. The project’s lease model provides annual payments to farmers while maintaining agricultural activities in non-solar areas, creating a framework for rural economic development alongside renewable energy generation [12].

Wind Energy Land Rights and Development

Wind Resource Assessment and Site Selection

Wind energy development requires extensive resource assessment and site identification, governed by the National Institute of Wind Energy’s technical guidelines. The legal framework recognizes wind energy’s unique land use characteristics, where installations occupy only 2% of wind farm area, facilitating continued agricultural activities [13]. This land use efficiency creates opportunities for multiple land use arrangements while ensuring minimal disruption to existing agricultural practices.

The National Wind Energy Policy emphasizes competitive bidding for wind project allocation, requiring coordination between central auction mechanisms and state land availability. The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission’s 2019 amendments to interstate transmission regulations specifically include renewable energy developers and wind park operators, facilitating grid integration [14].

Land Lease Arrangements and Community Participation

Wind farm development typically involves long-term lease agreements with landowners, spanning 25-30 years to align with project lifecycles. These arrangements provide annual rental income to farmers while preserving agricultural land use rights. Maharashtra’s wind energy policy exemplifies this approach, establishing standardized lease terms and annual payment structures based on wind turbine capacity and land area [15].

The wind sector’s land requirements differ significantly from solar installations, with transmission infrastructure representing the primary land acquisition challenge. Right-of-way acquisition for evacuation lines often involves multiple landowners and requires coordination between wind developers and transmission utilities. The Supreme Court’s Great Indian Bustard order initially mandated underground transmission lines in critical habitats, subsequently modified to allow expert committee recommendations on feasible approaches [16].

Wind-Solar Hybrid Projects and Land Optimization

The National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy, 2018, promotes optimal land utilization through combined installations. The policy defines hybrid projects where either renewable source constitutes at least 25% of the other’s rated capacity, enabling improved capacity utilization factors and transmission infrastructure optimization [17]. This approach addresses land availability constraints while enhancing project economics through complementary generation profiles.

MNRE’s 2018 scheme for 2,500 MW of interstate transmission-connected wind-solar hybrid projects initially focused on battery storage integration, subsequently expanded to include pumped hydro, compressed air, and other storage technologies. This comprehensive approach recognizes storage infrastructure’s land requirements and regulatory frameworks [18].

Grid Infrastructure and Transmission Development

Transmission Planning and Land Acquisition

Grid infrastructure development for renewable energy integration requires systematic transmission planning and coordinated land acquisition strategies. The Central Electricity Authority’s National Electricity Plan emphasizes renewable energy evacuation infrastructure, necessitating proactive transmission capacity development ahead of generation additions.

The Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL) manages interstate transmission development through competitive bidding and public-private partnership structures. PGCIL’s Infrastructure Investment Trust monetizes transmission assets to fund new construction, creating innovative financing mechanisms for grid expansion [19]. The company’s approach to land acquisition follows the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, for transmission line right-of-way, providing specific compensation mechanisms distinct from general land acquisition frameworks.

Green Energy Corridors and Specialized Infrastructure

The Green Energy Corridor initiative, launched to facilitate renewable power evacuation, addresses transmission bottlenecks constraining renewable energy integration. Phase-I focuses on states with high renewable energy potential, establishing dedicated transmission infrastructure for wind and solar power evacuation. The project’s land acquisition strategy prioritizes government land while ensuring community consultation and environmental compliance [20].

Intrastate transmission development remains state responsibility, creating coordination challenges for renewable energy projects spanning multiple states. The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission’s connectivity and open access regulations provide frameworks for renewable energy developers to access transmission networks, but land acquisition procedures vary significantly across states [21].

Smart Grid Integration and Digital Infrastructure

The National Smart Grid Mission’s land requirements extend beyond traditional transmission infrastructure to include communication networks, advanced metering infrastructure, and grid management centers. Smart grid development involves coordination between power and telecommunications sectors, creating novel land use requirements and regulatory interfaces [22].

Energy storage infrastructure, particularly pumped hydro storage, requires substantial land areas and specialized environmental clearances. The National Electricity Storage Strategy emphasizes reducing grid connection costs and supporting storage facility construction, necessitating integrated land use planning for renewable energy and storage infrastructure [23].

Legal Challenges and Dispute Resolution

Land Acquisition Disputes and Compensation Issues

Renewable energy projects face increasing litigation regarding land acquisition procedures, compensation adequacy, and environmental compliance. Solar project developers encounter disputes over traditional grazing rights, easement claims, and family land ownership conflicts. The litigation pattern demonstrates the need for enhanced community consultation and transparent compensation mechanisms [24].

The Supreme Court’s intervention in transmission infrastructure development, particularly the Great Indian Bustard case, illustrates the complex balance between environmental protection and renewable energy development. The Court’s expert committee approach provides a template for resolving conflicts between conservation imperatives and climate mitigation objectives [25].

Environmental Clearance and Regulatory Compliance

Environmental clearance requirements for renewable energy projects involve multiple agencies and assessment procedures. Large solar parks require Environmental Impact Assessment under the EIA Notification, 2006, while wind projects require bird impact assessments and wildlife clearances. The clearance process coordination between environment and energy ministries affects project timelines and land holding costs [26].

Forest land diversion for transmission infrastructure follows the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, requiring prior Central Government approval. The compensatory afforestation requirements and forest clearance timelines significantly impact grid infrastructure development schedules and project economics [27].

Innovation in Legal Frameworks: Agrivoltaics and Multiple Land Use

Emerging legal frameworks address innovative land use models like agrivoltaics, enabling simultaneous agricultural and solar energy production. These systems require regulatory adaptation to address land classification, taxation, and subsidy eligibility issues. Research indicates agrivoltaic systems can maintain agricultural productivity while generating renewable energy, necessitating policy frameworks supporting multiple land use [28].

The legal framework for agrivoltaics involves coordination between agriculture and energy policies, affecting land revenue classification, agricultural subsidy eligibility, and electricity regulations. State governments are developing specific guidelines for agrivoltaic installations to address farmer concerns about soil fertility and groundwater impacts [29].

Contemporary Policy Developments and Future Directions

Ultra Mega Renewable Energy Parks

MNRE’s February 2022 notification establishing 50 GW ultra-mega renewable energy parks in Gujarat (Khavada) and Rajasthan (Jaisalmer) represents the sector’s largest land allocation initiative. Each 25 GW park requires unprecedented coordination between land acquisition, transmission development, and environmental clearance processes [30].

The ultra-mega parks utilize wasteland areas to minimize agricultural displacement while requiring substantial transmission infrastructure investment. The projects’ success depends on streamlined land acquisition procedures, environmental compliance frameworks, and community participation mechanisms ensuring local benefit sharing [31].

Technology Integration and Land Use Optimization

Digitalization initiatives, including blockchain-based land record management and satellite-based resource assessment, enhance land acquisition transparency and project planning accuracy. The Digital India Land Records Modernization program’s integration with renewable energy planning databases reduces documentation delays and ownership verification challenges [32].

Floating solar technology development on water bodies represents a land use alternative reducing terrestrial land requirements. The National Solar Mission’s amendments addressing floating solar installations require coordination between water resource management and renewable energy policies, affecting reservoir usage rights and fishing community livelihoods [33].

Interstate Coordination and Uniform Policy Development

The proposed national land acquisition policy for renewable energy projects aims to standardize procedures across states while respecting federal principles. The policy development involves consultation between MNRE, state governments, and renewable energy industry associations to address regulatory fragmentation and procedural delays [34].

Competitive Renewable Energy Zones (CREZ) concept development, inspired by international models, requires proactive transmission infrastructure development and coordinated land acquisition. CREZ implementation necessitates interstate agreements on resource sharing, transmission cost allocation, and revenue distribution mechanisms [35].

Economic Analysis and Investment Implications

Land Cost Impact on Project Economics

Land acquisition costs represent 8-12% of total project costs for utility-scale solar installations and 5-8% for wind projects, significantly affecting renewable energy competitiveness. The variation in land costs across states influences investment patterns and project site selection, with developers gravitating toward states with transparent land policies and reasonable lease rates [36].

The emergence of land leasing models provides alternatives to outright purchase, reducing upfront capital requirements while ensuring long-term land access. Lease arrangements with escalation clauses and revenue-sharing provisions create mechanisms for landowner participation in project economics, addressing community acceptance challenges [37].

Insurance and Risk Management

Renewable energy projects require specialized insurance coverage for land-related risks, including title disputes, environmental liabilities, and transmission corridor access. The insurance framework addresses force majeure events, regulatory changes affecting land use rights, and community opposition impacts on project operations [38].

Land title insurance products, emerging in renewable energy financing, provide protection against ownership disputes and encumbrance discovery. These products facilitate international investment by addressing due diligence concerns and providing recourse mechanisms for title-related losses [39].

Conclusion

India’s renewable energy land policy framework represents a dynamic intersection of constitutional federalism, environmental imperatives, and development priorities, requiring continuous adaptation to technological innovation and climate commitments. The sector’s growth trajectory from current capacity levels toward 500 GW by 2030 necessitates systematic policy evolution addressing land availability constraints, community participation mechanisms, and environmental protection requirements.

The legal architecture encompassing solar parks, wind farms, and grid infrastructure demonstrates sophisticated policy development responsive to diverse stakeholder needs while maintaining focus on renewable energy objectives. The National Solar Mission’s emphasis on wasteland utilization, wind energy’s multiple land use capabilities, and transmission infrastructure’s coordinated planning approach provide templates for sustainable renewable energy development.

Future renewable energy land policy directions must address emerging challenges, including technology integration, interstate coordination, and innovative land-use models such as agrivoltaics. The Supreme Court’s evolving jurisprudence on environmental protection and renewable energy development recognizes climate change mitigation as a constitutional imperative, requiring a balanced approach to conservation and development objectives.

The success of the renewable energy sector depends on continued innovation in land policy, focusing on streamlined land acquisition, improved compensation mechanisms, and enhanced community participation. The integration of digital technologies, standardized procedures, and transparent governance will be critical for India to achieve its renewable energy goals while ensuring equitable and sustainable land-use transformation.

As India advances toward its net-zero commitments, the renewable energy land policy framework must evolve to address scale requirements, technological developments, and social acceptance challenges. The foundation established through current legal frameworks provides a robust platform for this transformation, requiring adaptive management and stakeholder engagement to ensure successful implementation of India’s renewable energy vision.

References

[1] Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India. India’s Progress Towards Renewable Energy Targets 2024. Available at: https://mnre.gov.in/ 

[2] Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis. Land Requirements for India’s Renewable Energy Transition, 2023

[3] Constitution of India, Seventh Schedule, List II (State List) Entry 18 and List III (Concurrent List) Entry 38

[4] The Electricity Act, 2003, Section 86(1)(e). 

[5] Mineral Area Development Authority v. Steel Authority of India Ltd., 2024 SCC OnLine SC 1796

[6] Supreme Court of India. Great Indian Bustard v. Union of India, Modified Order 2024

[7] Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission Guidelines, 2010. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

[8] MNRE Notification. Scheme for Development of Solar Parks and Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects, December 12, 2014

[9] Gujarat Solar Park Policy Amendment, 2020. Gujarat Energy Development Agency

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Introduction

India, as one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, faces a crucial challenge in addressing its escalating energy demands while minimizing environmental degradation. The dual objectives of meeting energy security and ensuring environmental sustainability are central to India’s developmental strategy. Renewable energy and sustainable development, therefore, occupy pivotal roles in shaping the nation’s policy framework. India’s legal systems, policies, and judicial pronouncements provide the backbone for implementing these objectives. This article explores the multifaceted legal implications of India’s renewable energy policies and sustainable development strategies, examining the regulatory frameworks, laws, landmark judgments, and international commitments that define this domain.

Renewable Energy in India: An Overview

India is endowed with a rich array of renewable energy resources, including solar, wind, hydropower, and biomass. Recognizing this potential, the government has launched several flagship initiatives such as the National Solar Mission, the National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy, and programs to harness small hydro and biomass energy. These initiatives aim to diversify the energy mix, reduce dependency on fossil fuels, and achieve ambitious climate targets.

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) spearheads these efforts, providing policy guidance and financial incentives to attract investment in the renewable energy sector. The Electricity Act, 2003, serves as a cornerstone for the development and integration of renewable energy into India’s energy grid. It mandates State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) to promote renewable energy generation, facilitate grid connectivity, and set renewable purchase obligations (RPOs). These obligations require electricity distribution companies to procure a specified percentage of their energy from renewable sources, thereby driving demand and investment in this sector.

Regulatory Frameworks Governing Renewable Energy

India’s regulatory framework for renewable energy development is rooted in a combination of national and state-level policies. The Electricity Act, 2003, establishes the overarching legal structure, empowering regulatory bodies to integrate renewable energy into the power sector. The Energy Conservation Act, 2001, complements this by promoting energy efficiency measures, which are critical for reducing overall energy demand and enhancing sustainability.

The National Tariff Policy, revised in 2016, underscores the importance of renewable energy by mandating a minimum percentage of power procurement from renewable sources. This policy incentivizes renewable energy developers by guaranteeing long-term purchase agreements and providing preferential tariffs. The Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) mechanism, introduced under this framework, allows entities to meet their RPOs by trading certificates instead of directly generating renewable power. These measures collectively aim to create a conducive environment for the renewable energy sector.

Challenges and Legal Implications of Renewable Energy

Despite the progressive legal frameworks, the implementation of renewable energy policies faces several challenges. One of the most significant issues is land acquisition. Large-scale solar and wind farms require substantial tracts of land, often leading to conflicts with local communities and environmental concerns. The Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation, and Resettlement Act, 2013, provides guidelines for fair compensation and resettlement, but disputes over land use and ownership frequently lead to litigation, delaying project implementation.

Environmental clearance processes pose another challenge. While renewable energy projects are generally considered environmentally benign, large-scale projects, especially hydropower installations, can have significant ecological and social impacts. These projects often face delays due to stringent environmental clearance requirements under the Environment Protection Act, 1986, and related regulations. Judicial interventions in such cases highlight the tension between developmental and environmental priorities.

Grid integration is another critical issue. Renewable energy sources like solar and wind are inherently variable and intermittent, posing challenges for grid stability. Regulations under the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) seek to address these issues by mandating infrastructure upgrades and advanced forecasting systems. However, the financial and technical burden of these measures often falls on state utilities, which are already grappling with fiscal constraints.

Contractual disputes also have significant legal implications. Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) between renewable energy developers and distribution companies frequently lead to litigation over issues such as tariff renegotiations and delayed payments. These disputes underscore the need for clear and enforceable contractual terms to protect the interests of all stakeholders.

The Indian judiciary has played a proactive role in shaping the legal landscape for renewable energy and sustainable development. Landmark judgments have clarified legal ambiguities, enforced compliance with regulatory frameworks, and balanced competing interests.

The case of M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (1987), though primarily focused on environmental protection, laid the groundwork for judicial intervention in matters of public interest, including renewable energy development. This case established the principle that environmental conservation is integral to sustainable development, influencing subsequent judicial decisions.

In Adani Power Ltd. v. Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (2018), the Supreme Court addressed disputes related to PPAs in renewable energy projects. The judgment emphasized the importance of adhering to contractual obligations and highlighted the role of regulatory commissions in resolving such disputes. Similarly, Energy Watchdog v. Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (2017) underscored the need for transparent and fair regulatory practices in determining tariffs for renewable energy projects.

Sustainable Development: Policies and Legal Frameworks

Sustainable development is enshrined in India’s Constitution and serves as a guiding principle for its legal and policy frameworks. Article 48A mandates the state to protect and improve the environment, while Article 51A(g) imposes a duty on citizens to safeguard natural resources. These constitutional provisions underpin India’s legislative and policy efforts to achieve sustainable development.

The Environment Protection Act, 1986, provides a comprehensive legal framework for environmental protection, empowering the central government to regulate activities that impact the environment. This Act forms the basis for renewable energy projects requiring environmental clearances. The Forest Conservation Act, 1980, regulates the diversion of forest land for non-forest purposes, balancing developmental needs with ecological conservation.

India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) is a key policy instrument for achieving sustainable development. It comprises eight national missions, including the National Solar Mission and the National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency, which directly contribute to the expansion of renewable energy. State-level action plans align with the NAPCC, ensuring coherence in policy implementation.

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) Act, 2010, established a specialized tribunal to handle environmental disputes. The NGT has played a crucial role in expediting the resolution of cases related to renewable energy projects and sustainable development, thereby reducing delays and uncertainties.

Judicial Pronouncements Supporting Sustainable Development

The Indian judiciary has consistently upheld the principles of sustainable development. The landmark case of Vellore Citizens’ Welfare Forum v. Union of India (1996) introduced the precautionary principle and the polluter pays principle into Indian jurisprudence. This judgment has had far-reaching implications for renewable energy projects, ensuring that environmental risks are minimized.

In T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India (1997), the Supreme Court emphasized the importance of forest conservation. This judgment has influenced the approval process for renewable energy projects requiring forest land, striking a balance between development and ecological preservation. Similarly, the Essar Oil Ltd. v. Halar Utkarsh Samiti (2004) case highlighted the need to harmonize industrial development with environmental sustainability.

The case of Delhi Development Authority v. Aditya Holistic Approach Pvt. Ltd. (2017) stressed the integration of sustainability principles into urban planning. This judgment is particularly relevant for the deployment of renewable energy technologies in urban areas, such as rooftop solar installations and energy-efficient buildings.

International Commitments and Their Legal Implications

India’s international commitments significantly influence its renewable energy and sustainable development policies. The Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) represents a landmark global effort to combat climate change. India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under this agreement include a target of achieving 40% of installed electricity capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030. This commitment has driven ambitious renewable energy targets and policy reforms.

The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, which aims to phase out hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), aligns with India’s renewable energy goals by promoting energy-efficient technologies. Similarly, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations provide a comprehensive framework for integrating renewable energy into broader developmental objectives. Goal 7, which focuses on affordable and clean energy, directly aligns with India’s renewable energy initiatives.

Future Directions and Recommendation

To achieve its renewable energy and sustainable development goals, India must address the challenges hindering policy implementation. Strengthening the legal and regulatory frameworks is essential to ensure clarity, consistency, and enforceability. Enhancing public-private partnerships can attract investment and foster innovation in renewable energy technologies. Simplifying land acquisition and environmental clearance processes while ensuring transparency and stakeholder engagement can reduce delays and conflicts.

The judiciary’s proactive role in interpreting laws and resolving disputes must be complemented by capacity building in regulatory institutions. Investing in grid infrastructure and adopting advanced forecasting and storage technologies are critical for integrating renewable energy into the grid. Additionally, fostering international collaboration and leveraging financial and technological support under global agreements can accelerate India’s transition to a sustainable energy future.

Conclusion 

India’s policies on renewable energy and sustainable development reflect a strong commitment to addressing climate change and achieving energy security. While significant progress has been made, challenges related to land acquisition, regulatory enforcement, and grid integration persist. The legal and judicial frameworks have been instrumental in advancing these objectives, but further reforms and innovations are needed to overcome existing barriers.

By aligning domestic policies with international commitments and fostering collaboration among stakeholders, India can lead the global transition to a sustainable energy future. Strengthening the synergy between renewable energy initiatives and sustainable development goals will ensure that the nation’s growth trajectory remains environmentally and socially inclusive.

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