Introduction

The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (LARR Act) [1] represents a paradigmatic shift in India’s approach to land acquisition, replacing the colonial-era Land Acquisition Act of 1894. This legislation embodies a human rights-based approach to development, ensuring that affected families become partners in development rather than victims of displacement. The Act’s sector-specific applications and special provisions demonstrate the legislature’s recognition that different types of projects require nuanced regulatory frameworks while maintaining the core principles of fair compensation, transparency, and rehabilitation.

Legislative Framework and Constitutional Basis

The LARR Act 2013 derives its constitutional authority from Article 300-A of the Constitution, which provides that “no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law” [2]. The Supreme Court has consistently held that while the right to property ceased to be a fundamental right after the 44th Amendment in 1978, it remains a constitutional and human right requiring scrupulous adherence to legal procedures [3].

Section 2 of the LARR Act 2013 delineates the scope of application, establishing two distinct categories of land acquisition. Subsection (1) applies when the government acquires land for its own use, including Public Sector Undertakings and public purposes. Subsection (2) extends the Act’s provisions to acquisitions for public-private partnerships and private companies, with mandatory consent requirements of 70% and 80% respectively [4].

Sector-wise Implementation Framework

Infrastructure Projects and Linear Developments

The LARR Act 2013 Act provides comprehensive coverage for infrastructure projects under Section 2(1)(b), which encompasses all activities listed in the Government of India’s Infrastructure Notification of March 27, 2012 [5]. This includes railways, highways, power lines, irrigation canals, and telecommunications infrastructure. The special significance of linear infrastructure projects is recognized through specific exemptions under Section 10(4), which excludes linear projects from the restrictions on acquisition of irrigated multi-cropped land [6].

For railways specifically, the Act maintains the existing framework under the Railways Act, 1989, which is listed in the Fourth Schedule as an exempted legislation. However, the compensation, rehabilitation, and resettlement provisions must be harmonized with the LARR Act within the prescribed timeframe. The Supreme Court’s interpretation in various cases has clarified that while procedural provisions of specific acts remain applicable, compensation standards must align with the enhanced provisions of the LARR Act.

Defence and National Security Projects

Section 2(1)(a) accords special status to acquisitions for “strategic purposes relating to naval, military, air force, and armed forces of the Union, including central paramilitary forces or any work vital to national security or defence of India or State police, safety of the people” [7]. This provision recognizes the sovereign imperative of national security while ensuring that even defence-related acquisitions are subject to fair compensation principles.

The urgency provisions under Section 40 permit expedited acquisition for defence purposes, allowing the Collector to take possession within thirty days of publication of notice under Section 21. However, the Act mandates payment of 80% of estimated compensation before taking possession and provides for additional compensation of 75% of the total compensation amount, except where the project affects sovereignty and integrity of India [8].

Mining and Mineral Development

Mining activities fall under the infrastructure category as specified in Section 2(1)(b)(iii), which includes “project for industrial corridors or mining activities” [9]. The Act’s application to mining represents a significant departure from earlier regimes, bringing mining operations under the comprehensive rehabilitation and resettlement framework.

The Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition and Development) Act, 1957, and the Land Acquisition (Mines) Act, 1885, are included in the Fourth Schedule, indicating that specific mining legislation continues to govern procedural aspects while compensation provisions must align with the LARR Act [10]. This dual framework ensures specialized treatment for mining operations while guaranteeing enhanced compensation to affected communities.

Atomic Energy and Special Economic Zones

The Atomic Energy Act, 1962, occupies a unique position in the LARR framework, being specifically exempted under Section 105 and listed in the Fourth Schedule. This exemption acknowledges the specialized nature of atomic energy projects and the need for maintaining the existing statutory framework under the Department of Atomic Energy [11]. Similarly, the Special Economic Zones Act, 2005, maintains its distinct procedural framework while ensuring that compensation standards remain consistent with the LARR Act.

Industrial Corridors and Manufacturing Zones

Section 2(1)(b)(iii) specifically addresses “project for industrial corridors or mining activities, national investment and manufacturing zones, as designated in the National Manufacturing Policy” [12]. This provision reflects the government’s focus on developing industrial infrastructure while ensuring that such development does not compromise the rights of affected communities.

State governments have utilized their legislative powers under Article 254(2) to create specialized frameworks for industrial projects. The Andhra Pradesh Land Acquisition Laws (Revival of Operation, Amendment, and Validation) Act, 2019, exemplifies this approach, though its constitutional validity was upheld by the Supreme Court [13].

Special Provisions and Exemptions

Scheduled Areas and Tribal Rights

Chapter VI of the LARR Act 2013 contains detailed provisions for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, recognizing their special vulnerability to displacement. Section 41 mandates that “as far as possible, no acquisition of land shall be made in the Scheduled Areas” and requires prior consent of Gram Sabha or Panchayats in all cases of acquisition in Scheduled Areas [14].

The Act requires preparation of a Development Plan for projects involving displacement of Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes, including procedures for settling land rights and restoring titles. Section 42 ensures continuity of reservation benefits and statutory safeguards in resettlement areas, regardless of whether the resettlement area falls within Scheduled Areas [15].

Social Impact Assessment and Environmental Safeguards

The mandatory Social Impact Assessment under Section 4 represents a fundamental innovation in land acquisition law. The assessment must evaluate whether the proposed acquisition serves public purpose, estimate affected families, assess the extent of displacement, and determine if the proposed land area is the absolute minimum required [16].

Section 6 provides for simultaneous Environmental Impact Assessment, ensuring comprehensive evaluation of project impacts. However, for irrigation projects where Environmental Impact Assessment is mandatory under other laws, the Social Impact Assessment provisions do not apply [17].

Food Security Safeguards

Section 10 establishes comprehensive safeguards for food security, prohibiting acquisition of irrigated multi-cropped land except under exceptional circumstances as demonstrable last resort. The Act requires that aggregate acquisition of such land for all projects in a district or state shall not exceed limits notified by the appropriate government [18].

The provision for developing equivalent culturable wasteland or depositing equivalent value for agricultural enhancement demonstrates the legislature’s commitment to maintaining agricultural productivity while permitting necessary development.

Judicial Interpretation and Case Law

Section 24 and Transitional Provisions

The Supreme Court’s Constitution Bench judgment in Indore Development Authority v. Manoharlal (2020) 8 SCC 129 settled the interpretation of Section 24, which governs the transition from the 1894 Act to the 2013 Act [19]. The Court clarified that land acquisition proceedings under the 1894 Act are deemed to have lapsed if an award was made five years or more prior to the commencement of the 2013 Act, but physical possession was not taken and compensation was not paid.

The judgment overruled the earlier decision in Pune Municipal Corporation v. Harakchand Misrimal Solanki (2014) 3 SCC 183, holding that compensation is considered “paid” even if deposited in government treasury, not necessarily requiring court deposit [20]. This interpretation significantly impacts the number of lapsed acquisitions and the subsequent application of enhanced compensation under the 2013 Act.

Consent Requirements and Public Purpose

The Supreme Court has consistently upheld the consent requirements for private company acquisitions, recognizing them as essential safeguards against arbitrary acquisition. The Court’s approach to interpreting “public purpose” has evolved to ensure that private benefit does not masquerade as public purpose, particularly in the context of acquisitions for subsequent transfer to private entities [21].

Compensation Mechanisms and Rehabilitation Framework

Enhanced Compensation Structure

The Act establishes a comprehensive compensation framework under Sections 26-30, requiring market value determination based on stamp duty values, average sale prices, or consented amounts, whichever is higher. The compensation is then multiplied by factors specified in the First Schedule – four times market value for rural areas and twice for urban areas [22].

Additionally, Section 30 mandates solatium equivalent to 100% of compensation amount, and Section 69 provides for 12% annual interest from the date of notification until award or possession, whichever is earlier [23].

Rehabilitation and Resettlement Entitlements

The Second Schedule provides detailed rehabilitation and resettlement entitlements, including employment for one member of each affected family, residential plots, transportation allowance, and various monetary benefits. The Third Schedule mandates provision of infrastructural amenities in resettlement areas, ensuring that displaced communities have access to basic services [24].

State Amendments and Regional Variations

Several states have enacted amendments to address local requirements while maintaining the Act’s core principles. The Maharashtra Act 37 of 2018 and Andhra Pradesh Act 22 of 2018 introduce provisions for lump sum payments in lieu of detailed rehabilitation and resettlement for certain categories of projects [25].

These amendments demonstrate the federal structure’s flexibility in allowing states to adapt the central framework to local conditions while ensuring that fundamental rights of affected persons are not compromised.

Contemporary Challenges and Future Directions

The implementation of the LARR Act 2013 aces several challenges, including delays in Social Impact Assessment completion, consent procurement difficulties, and inadequate rehabilitation infrastructure. The recent Supreme Court observations in various cases indicate the need for balancing development imperatives with individual rights protection.

The Act’s emphasis on making affected persons “partners in development” through enhanced compensation and comprehensive rehabilitation represents a progressive approach that could serve as a model for other developing countries facing similar development-displacement dilemmas.

Conclusion

The LARR Act, 2013, through its sector-specific provisions and special safeguards, represents a comprehensive attempt to balance development needs with human rights protection. The Act’s recognition of different sectoral requirements while maintaining universal principles of fair compensation and rehabilitation demonstrates sophisticated legislative drafting adapted to India’s diverse development landscape.

The judicial interpretation of key provisions, particularly Section 24, has provided necessary clarity while highlighting the ongoing tension between development imperatives and individual rights. As India continues its infrastructure development trajectory, the LARR Act’s framework provides both the flexibility for sectoral adaptation and the rigidity necessary for rights protection.

The success of the Act ultimately depends on effective implementation, adequate budgetary allocation for rehabilitation, and continued judicial oversight to ensure that the legislative intent of making affected persons partners in development is realized in practice.

References

[1] The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, Act No. 30 of 2013. Available at: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2121 

[2] Constitution of India, Article 300-A. Available at: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/constitution/ 

[3] Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation v. Deepak Aggarwal, 2022 SCC OnLine SC 644

[4] The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, Section 2

[5] Government of India, Department of Economic Affairs Notification No. 13/6/2009-INF, dated March 27, 2012 

[6] The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, Section 10(4)

[7] The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, Section 2(1)(a)

[8] The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, Section 40

[9] The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, Section 2(1)(b)(iii)

[10] The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, Fourth Schedule

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Introduction

The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (LARR Act) fundamentally transformed India’s land acquisition framework by introducing mandatory consent requirements and Social Impact Assessment procedures [1]. Enacted on 26th September 2013 and effective from 1st January 2014, this landmark legislation replaced the archaic Land Acquisition Act of 1894, establishing a more equitable and transparent mechanism for land acquisition while safeguarding the rights of affected families [2].

The LARR Act represents a paradigmatic shift from the colonial-era approach that prioritized state interests over individual rights. This legislation mandates participatory, informed, and transparent processes for land acquisition, particularly through its consent provisions and Social Impact Assessment requirements. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for legal practitioners, government officials, project developers, and affected communities navigating the complex terrain of land acquisition in contemporary India.

Legal Framework and Statutory Provisions

Constitutional Foundation

Land acquisition operates within India’s constitutional framework where land is a state subject under Entry 18 of List II (State List) of the Seventh Schedule. However, the LARR Act derives its authority from Entry 42 of List III (Concurrent List), which pertains to acquisition and requisitioning of property. The constitutional validity of the Act stems from the doctrine of eminent domain, balanced against the fundamental right to property under Article 300A of the Constitution [3].

Defining Public Purpose Under Section 2

Section 2(1) of the LARR Act provides an exhaustive definition of “public purpose,” which includes strategic purposes related to national security and defence, infrastructure projects including roads, highways, ports, railways, airports, and projects for planned development or improvement of village sites. The definition specifically excludes private hospitals, private educational institutions, and projects primarily serving commercial purposes unless they fall within the prescribed categories [4].

The Act distinguishes between different categories of land acquisition based on the acquiring entity:

• Government acquisition for public purposes under Section 2(1)
• Acquisition for private companies requiring 80% consent
• Acquisition for public-private partnerships requiring 70% consent

Consent Requirements Under Section 2(2)

Section 2(2) of the LARR Act establishes the fundamental principle of prior informed consent, stating that for private companies, “the prior consent of at least eighty per cent of those affected families” must be obtained, while for public-private partnership projects, “the prior consent of at least seventy per cent of those affected families” is required [5]. This provision represents a revolutionary departure from the 1894 Act, which allowed forcible acquisition without landowner consent.

The consent requirement applies specifically to “affected families” as defined under Section 3(c), which includes landowners whose land is acquired and families whose primary source of livelihood is dependent on the land acquired. The process of obtaining consent must be carried out simultaneously with the Social Impact Assessment study under Section 4.

Social Impact Assessment: Statutory Framework

Section 4 Requirements

Section 4 of the LARR Act mandates that whenever land acquisition is proposed, except in cases of urgency under Section 40, a Social Impact Assessment study must be conducted by an expert group [6]. This assessment serves multiple purposes: identifying project-affected families, assessing social impact, evaluating whether public purpose justifies land acquisition, and examining alternative options to minimize displacement.

The SIA study must be completed within six months of its commencement and requires consultation with Panchayati Raj Institutions and local communities. The expert group conducting the SIA must include social science, rehabilitation, and resettlement specialists, along with representatives from Panchayati Raj Institutions and affected communities.

Public Hearing Requirements

The Act mandates public hearings in affected areas after providing adequate publicity regarding date, time, and venue. These hearings must ascertain opinions of affected families, which are recorded and included in the SIA report. The public hearing process ensures transparency and provides affected communities with meaningful participation in the land acquisition process.

Step-by-Step Procedural Guide

Phase I: Preliminary Assessment and Planning

Step 1: Project Identification and Feasibility Study The acquiring body must first establish the public purpose for land acquisition and conduct preliminary feasibility studies. This involves identifying the specific land parcels required, estimating the number of affected families, and determining whether the project falls under categories requiring consent.

Step 2: Determining Applicability of Consent Requirements Based on the nature of the acquiring entity and project type, authorities must determine whether 70% or 80% consent is required, or whether the project is exempt from consent requirements due to its public purpose nature under Section 2(1).

Step 3: Initial Community Engagement Before formal proceedings begin, acquiring authorities should engage with local communities, Gram Sabhas, and Panchayati Raj Institutions to explain the project’s objectives and gather preliminary feedback.

Phase II: Social Impact Assessment Process

Step 4: Constituting the Expert Group An expert group must be constituted comprising specialists in social sciences, rehabilitation and resettlement, economics, agriculture, and environmental sciences. The group must include at least one representative each from Panchayati Raj Institutions, affected areas, and voluntary organizations working in the area.

Step 5: Conducting Field Studies The expert group conducts detailed field studies covering socio-economic surveys of affected families, assessment of impact on livelihood patterns, evaluation of infrastructure and facilities that may be affected, and analysis of environmental consequences.

Step 6: Stakeholder Consultations Extensive consultations with affected families, local communities, civil society organizations, and government agencies must be conducted. These consultations should employ multiple methods including focus group discussions, individual interviews, and community meetings.

Step 7: Public Hearing Organization Public hearings must be organized with adequate advance notice through local newspapers and official gazettes. The hearings should be conducted in local languages and provide opportunities for all affected parties to express their views and concerns.

Phase III: Consent Acquisition Process

Step 8: Identification of Affected Families Based on SIA findings, authorities must prepare a comprehensive list of affected families as defined under Section 3(c). This includes not only landowners but also families dependent on the land for their livelihood, including agricultural laborers, tenants, and other stakeholders.

Step 9: Information Dissemination Affected families must receive complete information about the project including its benefits, rehabilitation and resettlement package, compensation details, and timeline for implementation. Information should be provided in accessible formats and local languages.

Step 10: Consent Collection Process The consent collection must follow prescribed procedures ensuring that each affected family understands the implications of their decision. Consent must be free, prior, and informed, obtained without coercion or inducement. The process should be transparent and verifiable.

Step 11: Verification and Documentation The consent process must be properly documented with clear records of how consent was obtained, the percentage of families providing consent, and any objections or concerns raised by families refusing consent.

Phase IV: Assessment and Approval

Step 12: SIA Report Preparation The expert group prepares a detailed SIA report including assessment findings, public hearing outcomes, consent statistics, impact mitigation measures, and recommendations regarding project approval or modification.

Step 13: Government Review and Evaluation The appropriate government reviews the SIA report, consent documentation, and project feasibility. This evaluation considers whether the required consent threshold has been met and whether the project’s benefits justify its social costs.

Step 14: Decision Making and Notification Based on the SIA report and consent process outcomes, the government decides whether to proceed with land acquisition. If approved, a preliminary notification under Section 11 is issued, beginning the formal acquisition process.

Regulatory Oversight and Compliance

Administrative Framework

The LARR Act establishes multiple levels of administrative oversight to ensure compliance with consent and SIA requirements. District Collectors serve as the primary implementing authority, while state governments maintain overall responsibility for Act implementation. The National Monitoring Committee for Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement monitors implementation across states.

Grievance Redressal Mechanisms

The Act provides for grievance redressal through multiple channels including the Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Authority established under Section 51, civil courts for compensation disputes, and administrative appeals to higher authorities [7]. These mechanisms ensure that affected parties have recourse in case of procedural violations or inadequate compensation.

Legal Precedents and Judicial Interpretation

Supreme Court Pronouncements

The Supreme Court has interpreted the LARR Act’s consent and SIA provisions in several landmark cases. In the matter concerning Tamil Nadu’s attempt to revive pre-2013 acquisition laws, the Supreme Court upheld the state’s right to deviate from the LARR Act under Article 254(2) of the Constitution, provided it receives Presidential assent [8]. This decision significantly impacts the uniform application of consent and SIA requirements across states.

High Court Decisions

Various High Courts have adjudicated disputes concerning consent validity, SIA adequacy, and procedural compliance. The Madras High Court initially struck down Tamil Nadu’s attempts to bypass LARR requirements, emphasizing the mandatory nature of consent and SIA provisions before being overruled by subsequent state legislation.

Challenges and Implementation Issues

Practical Difficulties in Consent Acquisition

Obtaining 70-80% consent from affected families presents significant practical challenges. These include difficulties in identifying all affected families, ensuring informed decision-making in communities with varying literacy levels, and managing dissent within families and communities. The threshold requirements, while protective of landowner rights, can effectively provide veto power to minority groups, potentially stalling legitimate development projects.

SIA Quality and Standardization

The quality and standardization of SIA studies remain persistent challenges. Variations in expert group composition, assessment methodologies, and reporting standards across states create inconsistencies in SIA outcomes. The lack of standardized guidelines for SIA preparation has led to studies of varying quality and depth.

Timeline and Cost Implications

The consent and SIA requirements significantly extend project timelines and increase costs. The mandatory procedures, while ensuring transparency and participation, can extend the acquisition process by 50 months under optimal conditions, affecting project viability and economic returns [9].

Amendments and Recent Developments

2015 Amendment Attempts

The government’s attempts to amend the LARR Act in 2015 sought to exempt five categories of projects – defence, rural infrastructure, affordable housing, industrial corridors, and infrastructure projects where government retains land ownership – from consent and SIA requirements. These amendments faced strong opposition and ultimately lapsed, maintaining the original Act’s stringent requirements.

State-Level Modifications

Several states have enacted legislation modifying LARR applicability within their jurisdictions. Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Karnataka have passed laws exempting certain categories of projects from LARR requirements, effectively reverting to pre-2013 acquisition procedures for specific project types. These modifications raise questions about the uniform application of consent and SIA standards across India.

Best Practices and Recommendations

Ensuring Meaningful Consent

Meaningful consent requires more than mere numerical compliance with threshold requirements. Best practices include providing comprehensive information in accessible formats, allowing adequate time for decision-making, ensuring absence of coercion, and maintaining transparency throughout the process. Consent should be viewed as an ongoing process rather than a one-time event.

Enhancing SIA Quality

Improving SIA quality requires standardized methodologies, qualified expert groups, adequate time allocation, and robust quality assurance mechanisms. SIA studies should adopt participatory approaches, employ mixed-method research strategies, and provide clear recommendations for impact mitigation and enhancement measures.

Stakeholder Engagement Strategies

Effective stakeholder engagement involves early and continuous consultation, multi-channel communication strategies, culturally appropriate engagement methods, and feedback incorporation mechanisms. Engaging with community leaders, civil society organizations, and local institutions can facilitate smoother consent processes and more accurate SIA outcomes.

Future Outlook and Emerging Trends

Digital Technologies in Consent and SIA

Emerging digital technologies offer opportunities to enhance consent and SIA processes through online platforms for information dissemination, digital consent collection systems, Geographic Information Systems for impact mapping, and data analytics for social impact prediction. However, digital divide issues must be addressed to ensure equitable access and participation.

Climate Change Considerations

Climate change impacts increasingly influence land acquisition decisions and SIA assessments. Future frameworks must incorporate climate resilience considerations, environmental sustainability assessment, and adaptation measures into consent and SIA processes.

Balancing Development and Rights

The ongoing challenge of balancing development imperatives with individual and community rights requires nuanced approaches that recognize legitimate development needs while maintaining protective safeguards for affected communities. This balance will likely evolve through judicial interpretation, legislative amendments, and administrative innovations.

Conclusion

The LARR Act’s consent and Social Impact Assessment provisions represent significant advances in protecting landowner rights and ensuring participatory development. While implementation challenges persist, these mechanisms provide essential safeguards against arbitrary land acquisition and promote more equitable development outcomes. Success in implementing these provisions requires continued commitment to transparency, meaningful participation, and adaptive management approaches that respond to emerging challenges while maintaining core protective principles.

The evolution of these provisions through judicial interpretation, administrative practice, and potential legislative amendments will continue shaping India’s land acquisition landscape. Legal practitioners, government officials, and civil society organizations must remain engaged in this evolutionary process to ensure that the LARR Act’s transformative potential is fully realized while addressing legitimate development needs and protecting vulnerable communities.

References

[1] Department of Land Resources, Government of India. “The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013.” Available at: https://dolr.gov.in/act-rules/ 

[2] PRS Legislative Research. “The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2013.” Available at: https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-bill-2013 

[3] Indian Kanoon. “Section 2(2) in The Right To Fair Compensation And Transparency In Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013.” Available at: https://indiankanoon.org/doc/157315570/ 

[4] Bajaj Finserv. “Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in LARR Act 2013.” Available at: https://www.bajajfinserv.in/land-acquisition-act-2013 

[5] Rest The Case. “Right to Fair Compensation in Land Acquisition.” Available at: https://restthecase.com/knowledge-bank/right-to-fair-compensation-in-land-acquisition 

[6] iPleaders. “The Land Acquisition Act, 2013.” Available at: https://blog.ipleaders.in/the-land-acquisition-act-2013/ 

[7] PRS Legislative Research. “The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Bill, 2015.” Available at: https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-amendment-bill-2015 

[8] The Wire. “In Crucial Verdict, Supreme Court Allows TN to Acquire Land Using State Laws, Not LARR.” Available at: https://m.thewire.in/article/law/supreme-court-tamil-nadu-land-acquisition/amp 

[9] O.P. Jindal Global University. “The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation, and Resettlement Act, 2013.” Available at: https://jgu.edu.in/jsgp/jindal-policy-research-lab/the-right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-act-2013/ 

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